Testosterone Optimization: Beyond the Basics (For Testing, Not For Posting)

Muscular man in gym wearing blue tank top and black shorts.

Testosterone plays a crucial role in energy, muscle mass, mood, and overall vitality for both men and women. While it’s often associated primarily with male health, this hormone influences everything from bone density to cognitive function across all genders.

Why Testosterone Matters

Optimal testosterone levels are associated with:

  • Increased energy and reduced fatigue — Many people with low testosterone report feeling chronically tired, even with adequate sleep.
  • Better body composition — Testosterone helps build and maintain lean muscle mass while reducing body fat accumulation.
  • Improved mood and mental clarity — Low levels are linked to depression, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating.
  • Stronger bones — Testosterone plays a key role in bone mineral density.
  • Healthy libido — One of the most commonly recognized effects of testosterone.

The Lifestyle Connection

Before considering any interventions, it’s essential to optimize the lifestyle factors that naturally support testosterone production:

Sleep Quality

Sleep is perhaps the most underrated factor in hormone optimization. Studies show that testosterone levels can drop by 10-15% after just one week of sleeping 5 hours per night instead of 8. The majority of testosterone release occurs during deep sleep, making sleep quality just as important as duration.

Action steps:

  • Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep
  • Keep your bedroom cool (65-68°F / 18-20°C)
  • Avoid screens 1-2 hours before bed
  • Maintain consistent sleep and wake times

Resistance Training

Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and bench press trigger significant testosterone release. The key is progressive overload—gradually increasing the weight or intensity over time.

Key principles:

  • Focus on compound movements over isolation exercises
  • Train with adequate intensity (70-85% of 1RM)
  • Allow proper recovery between sessions
  • Avoid overtraining, which can actually lower testosterone

Nutrition Fundamentals

Your diet directly impacts hormone production. Several key nutrients are essential:

  • Zinc — Found in oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds, and legumes
  • Vitamin D — Often deficient; consider testing your levels
  • Healthy fats — Cholesterol is the precursor to testosterone
  • Adequate protein — Essential for muscle maintenance and hormone production

What to avoid:

  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Very low-fat diets
  • Chronic caloric restriction
  • Processed foods high in trans fats

Stress Management

Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which has an inverse relationship with testosterone. When cortisol stays high, testosterone production suffers.

Stress reduction strategies:

  • Regular meditation or breathwork
  • Time in nature
  • Social connection
  • Setting boundaries with work
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Liver Function Panel

Measures key enzymes & proteins produced by the liver

about this panel

This panel evaluates key markers of liver health, including enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin, to assess how well your liver is functioning. The liver plays a critical role in filtering blood, producing proteins and hormones, regulating chemicals, and storing essential nutrients.

Abnormal levels may indicate liver stress or dysfunction, which can be caused by factors such as alcohol intake, metabolic health, medications, infections, or underlying conditions. Because liver issues often develop without noticeable symptoms, testing can help identify problems early and monitor changes over time.

Women’s Core Hormone Panel

Measures key hormones: estradiol (E2), progesterone, FSH & LH

about this panel

This panel measures key reproductive hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and overall hormone balance. These hormones play a central role in fertility, but also influence metabolism, mood, energy levels, and body composition. Because they interact closely with other systems in the body, even subtle imbalances can affect how you feel day to day.

Imbalances may be associated with irregular cycles, difficulty ovulating, hormonal fluctuations, or conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hormone levels are influenced by factors such as nutrition, body composition, stress, and overall metabolic health. Testing provides insight into how your body is functioning and helps identify patterns that may benefit from targeted dietary and lifestyle adjustments, supporting long-term hormonal and overall health.

biomarkers tested

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Estradiol is the primary and most potent form of the hormone estrogen. Estrogen is first produced at puberty. Estradiol levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle during your reproductive years but begin to decline during the menopause transition. A low level of estradiol may indicate the start of the menopause transition or can indicate a problem where your hypothalamus causes your period to stop, commonly due to excessive exercise, stress, or undereating (hypothalamic amenorrhea).
 

Progesterone is a hormone that not only supports menstruation but also the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone is mostly made in the ovaries, but the adrenal glands and placenta (during pregnancy) also produce it. Each month, progesterone prepares your uterus for pregnancy. It’s responsible for thickening the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg can attach and grow. If conception occurs, progesterone levels remain high to support the pregnancy. If conception doesn’t occur, progesterone levels drop, and the lining of the uterus sheds during menstruation.

Too much progesterone can cause heavy periods, bloating, mood changes, or weight gain. Too little progesterone can cause irregular menstrual cycles, difficulty getting pregnant, and early pregnancy loss. It can also cause side effects similar to menopause, like hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, or missed periods.

FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs, and it also controls the menstrual cycle. With aging, estrogen levels decrease and FSH levels increase. This test measures the level of FSH in your blood. High levels can indicate that you have begun the menopause transition.
 
Luteinizing hormone is another sex hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps to control the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation. Levels outside of typical range may cause irregular periods. As estrogen levels decrease with aging, LH levels increase. High levels of LH may indicate the beginning of menopause or can indicate a problem where your hypothalamus causes your period to stop, commonly due to excessive exercise, stress, or undereating (hypothalamic amenorrhea).
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Ovarian Reserve Test (Fertility)

Marker of anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)

about this panel

This test measures anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to estimate ovarian reserve—the number of eggs remaining in your ovaries—and provide insight into reproductive aging. AMH levels naturally decline over time, but not at the same rate for everyone, and can help identify if ovarian reserve is decreasing faster than expected, signaling a shorter window for pregnancy.

In general, higher AMH levels indicate more eggs and a higher ovarian reserve, while lower levels suggest fewer remaining eggs. Abnormal levels may provide insight into reproductive health—high levels may be associated with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or a stronger response to fertility treatments like IVF, while low levels may indicate reduced ovarian reserve or increased risk for certain conditions.

Hormone therapy or hormonal birth control can influence AMH levels and may cause ovarian reserve to appear lower than it actually is. While this test provides valuable insight into egg supply and reproductive timing, it does not directly predict fertility or the ability to conceive.

biomarkers tested

(1)

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by cells within ovarian follicles, which contain and release eggs. It is a key marker of ovarian reserve, reflecting the approximate number of eggs remaining in the ovaries.

AMH levels decline with age and vary between individuals. Lower levels may indicate fewer remaining eggs, while higher levels may suggest a greater ovarian reserve or conditions such as PCOS. While AMH provides insight into reproductive potential, it does not directly predict fertility or the ability to conceive.

 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Liver Function Panel

Measures key enzymes & proteins produced by the liver

about this panel

This panel evaluates key markers of liver health, including enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin, to assess how well your liver is functioning. The liver plays a critical role in filtering blood, producing proteins and hormones, regulating chemicals, and storing essential nutrients.

Abnormal levels may indicate liver stress or dysfunction, which can be caused by factors such as alcohol intake, metabolic health, medications, infections, or underlying conditions. Because liver issues often develop without noticeable symptoms, testing can help identify problems early and monitor changes over time.

biomarkers tested

(10)

  • Liver Enzymes

Markers of liver stress and damage

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and, to a lesser degree, the muscles, heart, kidneys, and pancreas. ALT helps the liver break down proteins, increasing your body’s ability to absorb them. High ALT levels may be a sign of liver damage or a liver condition.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, but also in other tissues, including the muscles, brain, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and red blood cells. AST, which plays a key role in breaking down proteins for energy production, is released into the blood when such tissues are damaged. High AST levels may be a sign of damage to the liver or other tissues.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found throughout the body, primarily in the liver and bones, that plays a key role in breaking down proteins. Elevated ALP levels may also suggest cholestasis.

  • Bilirubin

Indicators of liver detoxification and red blood cell breakdown

Total bilirubin measures the overall amount of bilirubin in your blood, a waste product formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. It reflects how well your body processes and clears bilirubin. Elevated levels may indicate increased red blood cell breakdown or impaired liver function.
Direct bilirubin is the form of bilirubin that has been processed by the liver and is ready to be excreted. It helps assess how effectively your liver is clearing waste. Elevated levels may suggest impaired bile flow or liver dysfunction.

Indirect bilirubin is the unprocessed form of bilirubin before it reaches the liver. It reflects the rate of red blood cell breakdown and the liver’s ability to process bilirubin. Elevated levels may indicate increased red blood cell turnover or impaired processing by the liver.

  • Proteins

Reflect liver protein production for immunity and fluid balance

The total protein test measures the total amount of 2 types of proteins found in your blood, albumin and globulin. Abnormal total protein levels may be a sign of liver disease.

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. Albumin is the main protein circulating in your blood; provides tissue nourishment, carries hormones, medications, and other substances in the blood; and helps keep fluids within the bloodstream rather than leaking into other tissues.

Globulin is not measured directly. It is calculated as the difference between the total protein and the albumin levels. The globulins are a group of about 60 different proteins that are part of the immune system, which helps to fight and prevent infections. The globulins also play an important role in blood clotting and serve as carrier proteins for hormones.
An alternative way to tell if the albumin or globulin levels in the blood are abnormal is to compare the level of albumin to the level of globulin. If both the albumin and globulin results fall within the specified reference ranges, then a high or low A/G ratio result is not generally considered significant. A high globulin level and low albumin/globulin ratio may suggest high production of globulin that may be due to chronic infections, autoimmune disease, multiple myeloma, and other medical conditions.
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Panel

Measures omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels & ratios

about this panel

This panel evaluates your omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels to assess balance and inflammation in the body. These essential fats must be obtained through diet and play key roles in cardiovascular health, brain function, and overall cellular processes.

A higher omega-6 to omega-3 ratio—often driven by low intake of fatty fish and high intake of processed foods and seed oils—may contribute to increased inflammation and elevated cardiovascular risk. This panel helps identify imbalances so you can make targeted dietary and lifestyle adjustments to improve long-term health.

biomarkers tested

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  • Omega Balance & Inflammation Markers

Fatty acid balance driving inflammation, recovery, and long-term cardiovascular health

Omega-3 fatty acids are also known as essential (your body can’t produce them itself) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in many body processes, including blood clotting, muscle function, and cell division and growth—all of which affect heart health. Too little omega-3 can lead to dry skin, an itchy rash, dry eyes, inflammation, joint pain, or depression. Omega-3 PUFAs include eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA).

Omega-6 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-6 fatty acids have important roles in brain function, skin health, blood clotting, cell health, and growth and development. Too little omega-6 can lead to dry skin, an itchy rash, dry eyes, inflammation, joint pain, or depression. Omega-6 PFUAs include linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
 
The Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio helps determine if there is a proper balance between these two types of fatty acids to ensure optimal health outcomes.
 
The AA/EPA ratio is a valuable predictor of cardiovascular risk. A higher ratio is associated with higher risk for major cardiac-related diseases and issues.
 
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Anti-inflammatory fats supporting heart, brain, and overall cellular function

EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid that plays a key role in regulating inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health. It is primarily obtained through fatty fish and fish oil. Low levels may be associated with increased inflammation and higher risk of heart-related conditions.
 
DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid essential for brain function, eye health, and nervous system support. It is a major structural component of the brain and retina. Low levels may impact cognitive function, mood, and overall neurological health.
 
DPA is an omega-3 fatty acid that acts as an intermediary between EPA and DHA. It contributes to cardiovascular health and may support anti-inflammatory processes. While less commonly discussed, it plays an important role in overall omega-3 status.
 
  • Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential fats involved in inflammation, immune response, and cell signaling—balance with omega-3 is key

Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid involved in inflammatory and immune responses. It is necessary for normal physiological function but must remain balanced with omega-3 levels. Elevated levels may contribute to increased inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid that supports skin health, cell function, and growth. It must be obtained through the diet and is commonly found in vegetable oils and processed foods. Imbalances in intake may influence inflammation and overall metabolic health.
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Complete Iron Profile

Measures iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) & ferritin

about this panel

Measures the amount of iron in your blood, how well your blood transports iron, and the amount of iron you have stored. Iron is an essential mineral needed for proper growth and development in the body. You must absorb iron through food or supplements because your body does not produce iron on its own.

Iron is needed by red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. A low iron level can point to anemia, which may be caused by diet, injury or blood loss, pregnancy, heavy exercise, and certain conditions. Too much iron in the blood can point to underlying medical conditions and cause problems with the liver, heart, kidneys, joints, or other organs. If abnormal iron levels are left untreated, they may lead to serious blood disorders or other health conditions.

biomarkers tested

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Total iron measures the amount of circulating iron in your bloodstream. Iron is essential for red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Low levels may indicate iron deficiency or anemia, while elevated levels may be associated with excess iron or underlying conditions.

TIBC measures how well your blood can transport iron by assessing the availability of transferrin, the main protein that carries iron. Higher levels may indicate low iron stores, while lower levels may suggest excess iron or reduced transport capacity.

Percent saturation reflects how much of your body’s iron transport capacity is currently being used. It is calculated using iron and TIBC and helps assess how efficiently iron is being carried in the blood. Low levels may indicate iron deficiency, while high levels may suggest iron overload.

Ferritin measures the amount of iron stored in your body, making it one of the most important markers of long-term iron status. Low levels may indicate depleted iron stores, while elevated levels may reflect excess iron or inflammation.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Thyroid Panel

Measures thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood

about this panel

This panel provides a comprehensive assessment of thyroid function by measuring key hormones involved in metabolism, energy regulation, and overall physiological balance. It includes TSH, Total T4, T3 Uptake, and the Free T4 Index to evaluate both hormone production and availability in the body.

Abnormal levels may indicate thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), which can impact energy levels, weight, heart rate, and mood.

biomarkers tested

(4)

TSH helps control how much thyroid hormone your body produces.

  • High TSH levels may indicate an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
  • Low TSH levels may indicate an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)

TSH is often the first marker used to assess thyroid function and is commonly tracked over time in people with known thyroid conditions.

Total T4 measures the total amount of thyroxine in your bloodstream, including both bound and unbound forms. It reflects overall thyroid hormone production. Abnormal levels may indicate thyroid dysfunction and can impact metabolism, energy levels, and overall balance.

T3 Uptake is an indirect measure of thyroid hormone-binding capacity in your blood. It helps interpret Total T4 levels by showing how much hormone is bound versus available. It is primarily used to calculate the Free T4 Index and better assess thyroid function.

The Free T4 Index estimates the amount of active thyroid hormone available for your body to use. It is calculated using Total T4 and T3 Uptake to account for changes in protein binding. This helps provide a clearer picture of thyroid hormone availability.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Complete Health Optimization Panel - Women’s

Measures a comprehensive set of blood biomarkers used to routinely evaluate whole-body health & disease risk

about this panel

Built for a high-signal view of your health, this panel combines multiple essential tests into one streamlined assessment—giving you the data needed to optimize performance, reduce disease risk, and track what actually moves the needle.

Includes:

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
  • Lipid Profile
  • HbA1C
  • Thyroid Panel 
 
Brief Overview of Included Panels
 
  • CBC | measures red blood cells (oxygen delivery), white blood cells (immune health), and platelets (clotting)
  • CMP | evaluates blood sugar, hydration/electrolyte balance, and liver & kidney function
  • Lipid Profile | measures cholesterol and triglycerides to assess heart disease risk
  • HbA1C | reflects your average blood sugar levels over the past ~3 months and helps assess diabetes risk
  • Thyroid Panel | evaluates thyroid function, metabolism, and hormone balance

biomarkers tested

(49)

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measures key cellular components of the blood—including red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets

*For a more detailed breakdown on biomarkers, please visit this panel itself

The presence of red blood cells may indicate the presence of a health condition, such as kidney or liver disease, a urinary tract infection, or another urinary disorder.

Hemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells and is responsible for the bright red color of our blood. Hemoglobin attaches to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, delivering oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carrying away excess carbon dioxide.
 
Hematocrit is the portion of your total blood volume taken up by red blood cells. This is different from the red blood cell count. Hematocrit is expressed as a percentage based on the number and size of red blood cells. This value can indicate whether your blood contains an abnormally low, or high, proportion of red blood cells in relation to white blood cells and platelets.
 
The mean corpuscular volume is a measurement used to describe the average size of red blood cells.
 
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value represents the average amount of hemoglobin contained in each red blood cell.
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration measures the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell relative to the size of the cell.
 
The red cell distribution width indicates the range of size variation and similarity of your red blood cells.
 
These are the infection-fighting cells: the presence of white blood cells in the urine indicates a bacterial infection in the urinary tract or kidneys.
 
Neutrophils, a type of granulocyte, are the most prevalent form of white blood cells, accounting for more than half of the quantity in your body. These cells travel to the site of an infection, where they consume the pathogen and release enzymes to eliminate it. Additionally, neutrophils enhance the response of other immune cells.
 
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies in response to bacteria, viruses, and toxins. T cells destroy the body’s own cells that have been infected with viruses or have developed cancer. Both types of cells protect against future invasions of bacteria, viruses, and parasites by generating antibodies.
 
 
Monocytes are the largest cells in the blood. They travel through the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body, becoming either a macrophage or dendritic cell. Macrophages ingest harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and trigger an immune response. Dendritic cells are responsible for capturing, transporting, and presenting antigens derived from pathogens to immune cells that can fight them.
 
 
Eosinophils, a type of granulocyte, are found in the bloodstream and the lining of various organs. These disease-fighting white blood cells contain proteins to help the body fight bacterial and parasitic infections. However, if eosinophil levels rise too high, they can contribute to allergic reactions and other inflammatory responses in the body.
 
Basophils, a type of granulocyte, are present in both the blood and tissues, and like other white blood cells, they help protect the body against harmful substances. Importantly, basophils play a role in releasing antibodies that can fight bacteria and parasites like fungi, tick-borne diseases, and worms. These WBCs also contain heparin, which prevents blood from excessive clotting, and histamine, which increases blood flow to tissues. Like eosinophils, if their numbers climb too high, they can contribute to allergies and other inflammatory reactions in the body.
 
 
A platelet count measures the number of platelets per microliter in your blood sample. Platelets, alternatively referred to as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that assist in stopping bleeding by swelling and clumping together to create a clot. Additionally, platelets store and transport a variety of substances such as serotonin, epinephrine, and histamine.
 
The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in your blood. MPV is associated with exercise performance, but it also plays a role in blood clotting and inflammation.
 
 
  • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

Measures essential markers of metabolic & organ health

*For a more detailed breakdown on biomarkers, please visit this panel itself

Blood glucose is the primary sugar found in your bloodstream. The sugar mainly comes from the food you eat and supplies energy to all cells in the body. High glucose levels may increase the risk of diabetes and associated disorders, such as heart disease.

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. It is primarily obtained through the diet, and elevated levels are commonly associated with increased cardiovascular strain.

Potassium is an electrolyte found in all body tissues that plays a key role in muscle contractions, heart rhythm, and nerve signaling. It also helps regulate fluid balance at the cellular level, and abnormal levels may affect cardiovascular function.

Chloride is an electrolyte that helps to balance fluids inside and outside of your body’s cells. Chloride plays an essential role in metabolism and is also instrumental in maintaining proper blood volume and blood pressure.
 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas that your body produces when it breaks down food for energy. As you inhale oxygen, the blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for removal through exhalation. Most carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Although carbon dioxide plays various roles in the body, bicarbonate is critical for maintaining a balanced pH in the blood that is neither too acidic nor too basic (alkaline).
Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body and plays a key role in multiple bodily functions. Most of the calcium in your body is stored in your bones, with only 1% circulating in your bloodstream. Calcium is required for strong bones and teeth and proper nerve, muscle, and heart function. Abnormally high or low calcium levels in the blood may be a sign of bone disease, kidney disorders, thyroid disease, or other conditions.
 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and, to a lesser degree, the muscles, heart, kidneys, and pancreas. ALT helps the liver break down proteins, increasing your body’s ability to absorb them. High ALT levels may be a sign of liver damage or a liver condition.
 
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, but also in other tissues, including the muscles, brain, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and red blood cells. AST, which plays a key role in breaking down proteins for energy production, is released into the blood when such tissues are damaged. High AST levels may be a sign of damage to the liver or other tissues. The CMP will also include a ratio of concentrations of AST and ALT (AST/ALT ratio), which may be used by healthcare providers to differentiate between possible causes of liver disease or damage.
 

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found throughout the body, primarily in the liver and bones, that plays a key role in breaking down proteins. ALP blood tests determine the ALP levels from the liver and bones, where high levels may be a sign of liver disease or specific bone disorder.

 
Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. It is a yellowish substance found in bile, a fluid produced and released by the liver. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body. High levels of bilirubin may be a sign of the liver not functioning correctly.
 

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea, a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia, which the liver then converts into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. Abnormally high blood levels of BUN may be a sign of kidney (renal) damage or disease.

The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine by the muscles as a waste product. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An abnormally high creatinine level may suggest damage to the kidneys or renal blood vessels.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea. Urea is a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia. The liver then converts ammonia into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine as a waste product by the muscles. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio may suggest a condition that causes decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as dehydration or congestive heart failure.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measures how much blood the tiny renal filters (glomeruli) remove every minute based on your body size. The eGFR indicates how efficiently the kidneys remove toxins and excess fluid from the blood.

The total protein test measures the total amount of 2 types of proteins found in your blood, albumin and globulin. Abnormal total protein levels may be a sign of nutritional abnormalities, liver disease, or kidney dysfunction.

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that helps keep fluid within the bloodstream rather than leaking into other tissues. The primary function of albumin is to transport hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout the body.
 
Globulin is not measured directly. It is calculated as the difference between the total protein and the albumin levels. The globulins are a group of about 60 different proteins that are part of the immune system, which helps to fight and prevent infections. The globulins also play an important role in blood clotting and serve as carrier proteins for hormones.
 
An alternative way to tell if the albumin or globulin levels in the blood are abnormal is to compare the level of albumin to the level of globulin. If both the albumin and globulin results fall within the specified reference ranges, then a high or low A/G ratio result is not generally considered significant. A high globulin level and low albumin/globulin ratio may suggest high production of globulin that may be due to chronic infections, autoimmune disease, multiple myeloma, and other medical conditions.
 
  • Lipid Profile

Measures key cholesterol & lipid (fat) markers in the blood

This measures the total amount of cholesterol found in your blood. This is the combination of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or “bad”) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or “good”) cholesterol. Too much cholesterol in your blood may damage arteries and blood vessels, which may increase the risk for a stroke, heart attack, and heart disease.

Triglycerides are fats that are formed from foods such as oils, dairy, and red meat. These fats get converted into triglycerides and are stored away in fat cells to be used when needed. High levels of triglycerides can lead to hardening and thickening of the arteries.

HDL, which is often called “good” cholesterol, picks up extra cholesterol that is circulating in the blood, using apolipoprotein A, and takes it back to your liver so it can be removed from your body.

LDL, often called “bad” cholesterol, transports cholesterol throughout your body to the cells that need it. Too much LDL can make cholesterol build up in your arteries, making them narrow and stiff, or blocking them, which makes it more difficult for blood to flow.
 
Cholesterol/HDL ratio is the ratio of HDL to your total cholesterol. A higher ratio means that you don’t have enough HDL for the amount of LDL, and that can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Non-HDL cholesterol measures the combined amount of cholesterol in the blood that is not HDL cholesterol. High levels of non-HDL cholesterol may increase the risk of atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries).
 
  • Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

Measures prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood

HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin coated with sugar, capturing your average blood glucose over ~3 months. It reveals how consistently your body is managing blood sugar over time—not just at a single moment. Elevated levels signal sustained excess glucose and increased risk for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.
 
  • Thyroid Panel

Measures thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood

TSH helps control how much thyroid hormone your body produces.

  • High TSH levels may indicate an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
  • Low TSH levels may indicate an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)

TSH is often the first marker used to assess thyroid function and is commonly tracked over time in people with known thyroid conditions.

Total T4 measures the total amount of thyroxine in your bloodstream, including both bound and unbound forms. It reflects overall thyroid hormone production. Abnormal levels may indicate thyroid dysfunction and can impact metabolism, energy levels, and overall balance.

T3 Uptake is an indirect measure of thyroid hormone-binding capacity in your blood. It helps interpret Total T4 levels by showing how much hormone is bound versus available. It is primarily used to calculate the Free T4 Index and better assess thyroid function.

The Free T4 Index estimates the amount of active thyroid hormone available for your body to use. It is calculated using Total T4 and T3 Uptake to account for changes in protein binding. This helps provide a clearer picture of thyroid hormone availability.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Complete Health Optimization Panel - Men’s

Measures a comprehensive set of blood biomarkers used to routinely evaluate whole-body health & disease risk

about this panel

Built for a high-signal view of your health, this panel combines multiple essential tests into one streamlined assessment—giving you the data needed to optimize performance, reduce disease risk, and track what actually moves the needle.

Includes:

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
  • Lipid Profile
  • HbA1C
  • PSA Test 
 
Brief Overview of Included Panels
 
  • CBC | measures red blood cells (oxygen delivery), white blood cells (immune health), and platelets (clotting)
  • CMP | evaluates blood sugar, hydration/electrolyte balance, and liver & kidney function
  • Lipid Profile | measures cholesterol and triglycerides to assess heart disease risk
  • HbA1C | reflects your average blood sugar levels over the past ~3 months and helps assess diabetes risk
  • PSA Test | measures a key marker used to monitor prostate health

biomarkers tested

(46)

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measures key cellular components of the blood—including red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets

*For a more detailed breakdown on biomarkers, please visit this panel itself

The presence of red blood cells may indicate the presence of a health condition, such as kidney or liver disease, a urinary tract infection, or another urinary disorder.

Hemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells and is responsible for the bright red color of our blood. Hemoglobin attaches to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, delivering oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carrying away excess carbon dioxide.
 
Hematocrit is the portion of your total blood volume taken up by red blood cells. This is different from the red blood cell count. Hematocrit is expressed as a percentage based on the number and size of red blood cells. This value can indicate whether your blood contains an abnormally low, or high, proportion of red blood cells in relation to white blood cells and platelets.
 
The mean corpuscular volume is a measurement used to describe the average size of red blood cells.
 
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value represents the average amount of hemoglobin contained in each red blood cell.
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration measures the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell relative to the size of the cell.
 
The red cell distribution width indicates the range of size variation and similarity of your red blood cells.
 
These are the infection-fighting cells: the presence of white blood cells in the urine indicates a bacterial infection in the urinary tract or kidneys.
 
Neutrophils, a type of granulocyte, are the most prevalent form of white blood cells, accounting for more than half of the quantity in your body. These cells travel to the site of an infection, where they consume the pathogen and release enzymes to eliminate it. Additionally, neutrophils enhance the response of other immune cells.
 
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies in response to bacteria, viruses, and toxins. T cells destroy the body’s own cells that have been infected with viruses or have developed cancer. Both types of cells protect against future invasions of bacteria, viruses, and parasites by generating antibodies.
 
 
Monocytes are the largest cells in the blood. They travel through the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body, becoming either a macrophage or dendritic cell. Macrophages ingest harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and trigger an immune response. Dendritic cells are responsible for capturing, transporting, and presenting antigens derived from pathogens to immune cells that can fight them.
 
 
Eosinophils, a type of granulocyte, are found in the bloodstream and the lining of various organs. These disease-fighting white blood cells contain proteins to help the body fight bacterial and parasitic infections. However, if eosinophil levels rise too high, they can contribute to allergic reactions and other inflammatory responses in the body.
 
Basophils, a type of granulocyte, are present in both the blood and tissues, and like other white blood cells, they help protect the body against harmful substances. Importantly, basophils play a role in releasing antibodies that can fight bacteria and parasites like fungi, tick-borne diseases, and worms. These WBCs also contain heparin, which prevents blood from excessive clotting, and histamine, which increases blood flow to tissues. Like eosinophils, if their numbers climb too high, they can contribute to allergies and other inflammatory reactions in the body.
 
 
A platelet count measures the number of platelets per microliter in your blood sample. Platelets, alternatively referred to as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that assist in stopping bleeding by swelling and clumping together to create a clot. Additionally, platelets store and transport a variety of substances such as serotonin, epinephrine, and histamine.
 
The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in your blood. MPV is associated with exercise performance, but it also plays a role in blood clotting and inflammation.
 
 
  • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

Measures essential markers of metabolic & organ health

*For a more detailed breakdown on biomarkers, please visit this panel itself

Blood glucose is the primary sugar found in your bloodstream. The sugar mainly comes from the food you eat and supplies energy to all cells in the body. High glucose levels may increase the risk of diabetes and associated disorders, such as heart disease.

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. It is primarily obtained through the diet, and elevated levels are commonly associated with increased cardiovascular strain.

Potassium is an electrolyte found in all body tissues that plays a key role in muscle contractions, heart rhythm, and nerve signaling. It also helps regulate fluid balance at the cellular level, and abnormal levels may affect cardiovascular function.

Chloride is an electrolyte that helps to balance fluids inside and outside of your body’s cells. Chloride plays an essential role in metabolism and is also instrumental in maintaining proper blood volume and blood pressure.
 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas that your body produces when it breaks down food for energy. As you inhale oxygen, the blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for removal through exhalation. Most carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Although carbon dioxide plays various roles in the body, bicarbonate is critical for maintaining a balanced pH in the blood that is neither too acidic nor too basic (alkaline).
Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body and plays a key role in multiple bodily functions. Most of the calcium in your body is stored in your bones, with only 1% circulating in your bloodstream. Calcium is required for strong bones and teeth and proper nerve, muscle, and heart function. Abnormally high or low calcium levels in the blood may be a sign of bone disease, kidney disorders, thyroid disease, or other conditions.
 
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and, to a lesser degree, the muscles, heart, kidneys, and pancreas. ALT helps the liver break down proteins, increasing your body’s ability to absorb them. High ALT levels may be a sign of liver damage or a liver condition.
 
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, but also in other tissues, including the muscles, brain, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and red blood cells. AST, which plays a key role in breaking down proteins for energy production, is released into the blood when such tissues are damaged. High AST levels may be a sign of damage to the liver or other tissues. The CMP will also include a ratio of concentrations of AST and ALT (AST/ALT ratio), which may be used by healthcare providers to differentiate between possible causes of liver disease or damage.
 

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found throughout the body, primarily in the liver and bones, that plays a key role in breaking down proteins. ALP blood tests determine the ALP levels from the liver and bones, where high levels may be a sign of liver disease or specific bone disorder.

 
Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. It is a yellowish substance found in bile, a fluid produced and released by the liver. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body. High levels of bilirubin may be a sign of the liver not functioning correctly.
 

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea, a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia, which the liver then converts into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. Abnormally high blood levels of BUN may be a sign of kidney (renal) damage or disease.

The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine by the muscles as a waste product. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An abnormally high creatinine level may suggest damage to the kidneys or renal blood vessels.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea. Urea is a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia. The liver then converts ammonia into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine as a waste product by the muscles. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio may suggest a condition that causes decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as dehydration or congestive heart failure.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measures how much blood the tiny renal filters (glomeruli) remove every minute based on your body size. The eGFR indicates how efficiently the kidneys remove toxins and excess fluid from the blood.

The total protein test measures the total amount of 2 types of proteins found in your blood, albumin and globulin. Abnormal total protein levels may be a sign of nutritional abnormalities, liver disease, or kidney dysfunction.

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that helps keep fluid within the bloodstream rather than leaking into other tissues. The primary function of albumin is to transport hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout the body.
 
Globulin is not measured directly. It is calculated as the difference between the total protein and the albumin levels. The globulins are a group of about 60 different proteins that are part of the immune system, which helps to fight and prevent infections. The globulins also play an important role in blood clotting and serve as carrier proteins for hormones.
 
An alternative way to tell if the albumin or globulin levels in the blood are abnormal is to compare the level of albumin to the level of globulin. If both the albumin and globulin results fall within the specified reference ranges, then a high or low A/G ratio result is not generally considered significant. A high globulin level and low albumin/globulin ratio may suggest high production of globulin that may be due to chronic infections, autoimmune disease, multiple myeloma, and other medical conditions.
 
  • Lipid Profile

Measures key cholesterol & lipid (fat) markers in the blood

This measures the total amount of cholesterol found in your blood. This is the combination of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or “bad”) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or “good”) cholesterol. Too much cholesterol in your blood may damage arteries and blood vessels, which may increase the risk for a stroke, heart attack, and heart disease.

Triglycerides are fats that are formed from foods such as oils, dairy, and red meat. These fats get converted into triglycerides and are stored away in fat cells to be used when needed. High levels of triglycerides can lead to hardening and thickening of the arteries.

HDL, which is often called “good” cholesterol, picks up extra cholesterol that is circulating in the blood, using apolipoprotein A, and takes it back to your liver so it can be removed from your body.

LDL, often called “bad” cholesterol, transports cholesterol throughout your body to the cells that need it. Too much LDL can make cholesterol build up in your arteries, making them narrow and stiff, or blocking them, which makes it more difficult for blood to flow.
 
Cholesterol/HDL ratio is the ratio of HDL to your total cholesterol. A higher ratio means that you don’t have enough HDL for the amount of LDL, and that can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Non-HDL cholesterol measures the combined amount of cholesterol in the blood that is not HDL cholesterol. High levels of non-HDL cholesterol may increase the risk of atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries).
 
  • Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

Measures prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood

HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin coated with sugar, capturing your average blood glucose over ~3 months. It reveals how consistently your body is managing blood sugar over time—not just at a single moment. Elevated levels signal sustained excess glucose and increased risk for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.
 
  • PSA Test

Measures prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood

The prostate is a part of the male reproductive system and urinary system. The prostate’s main role is to produce seminal fluid that helps carry semen during ejaculation. PSA is a protein produced in the prostate by both cancerous and noncancerous cells. The PSA test measures the levels of PSA in the blood and is often used to screen for prostate cancer in men without symptoms.
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Comprehensive Testosterone Test

Measures total & free testosterone

about this panel

This panel measures total and free testosterone to assess both overall hormone levels and the amount readily available for your body to use. Testosterone plays a key role in muscle mass, strength, energy, metabolism, bone density, and sexual health in both men and women, making it an important marker of overall health.

Abnormal levels may indicate conditions such as low testosterone (hypogonadism) in men or elevated androgen levels in women (such as PCOS), and are often linked to aging, obesity, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. By evaluating both total and active (free) testosterone, this panel provides a more complete picture of hormonal balance and potential health risks.

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Total testosterone represents the total amount of testosterone circulating in your bloodstream, including both bound and unbound forms. It provides an overall picture of hormone production and is commonly used to assess hormonal balance. High or low levels can be associated with changes in metabolism, energy, body composition, and overall health.

Free testosterone is the portion of testosterone that is not bound to proteins and is readily available for your body to use. It is the most biologically active form and plays a direct role in muscle growth, energy levels, libido, and overall function. Low levels may indicate reduced hormone availability even if total testosterone appears normal.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Gold Standard Testosterone Test

Measures total, free & bioavailable testosterone

about this panel

Our panel measures total, free, and bioavailable testosterone along with SHBG and albumin to give a complete picture of how much testosterone your body produces—and how much is actually available for use. Testosterone plays a critical role in muscle mass, energy, bone density, metabolism, and sexual health in both men and women, making it a key marker of overall health and performance.

Imbalances in these markers can signal conditions like low testosterone (hypogonadism) in men or elevated androgen levels in women (such as PCOS), and are often associated with aging, obesity, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. By evaluating both testosterone levels and the proteins that regulate its availability, this panel helps identify hormonal imbalances early and provides insight into optimizing long-term health.

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Total testosterone represents the total amount of testosterone circulating in your bloodstream, including both bound and unbound forms. It provides an overall picture of hormone production and is commonly used to assess hormonal balance. High or low levels can be associated with changes in metabolism, energy, body composition, and overall health.

Free testosterone is the portion of testosterone that is not bound to proteins and is readily available for your body to use. It is the most biologically active form and plays a direct role in muscle growth, energy levels, libido, and overall function. Low levels may indicate reduced hormone availability even if total testosterone appears normal.

Bioavailable testosterone includes free testosterone plus testosterone loosely bound to albumin, making it available for use by the body. It reflects the amount of testosterone that can actively influence physiological processes. Abnormal levels may impact physical performance, body composition, and hormonal balance.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein made by your liver that transports and controls the amount of hormones available for your body to use. High or low SHBG levels can be a sign that there are too many or too little hormones available for your body to use.

Albumin is also a protein in the blood that transports various metals, drugs, and metabolites throughout the body, including hormones. Like SHBG, it helps in determining the amount of free and bioavailable testosterone in the body.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

PSA Test

Measures prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the blood

about this panel

This PSA test measures the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood, which may be elevated due to prostate cancer. Prostate screening tests that detect high levels of PSA can also indicate other conditions like enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis). PSA levels in men increase with age. If your PSA levels are elevated, it’s important to discuss your test results with a healthcare provider.

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The prostate is a part of the male reproductive system and urinary system. The prostate’s main role is to produce seminal fluid that helps carry semen during ejaculation. PSA is a protein produced in the prostate by both cancerous and noncancerous cells. The PSA test measures the levels of PSA in the blood and is often used to screen for prostate cancer in men without symptoms.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Diabetes Management Panel

Measures blood glucose & hemoglobin A1C

about this panel

The Diabetes Management Panel measures your glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels to evaluate both your current blood sugar and your average blood sugar over the past 3 months. The glucose test reflects your blood sugar level at the time of testing and can identify high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), while the HbA1c test provides a longer-term view of how well your blood sugar has been managed over time.

If you’re living with diabetes, these tests can help you and your healthcare provider monitor blood sugar control, and abnormal or elevated levels may be a sign of an underlying medical condition or the need for closer management.

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Glucose is the body’s main source of energy in the bloodstream. Its levels are controlled by insulin to maintain balance. Elevated fasting glucose may reflect impaired insulin sensitivity and increased risk of metabolic disease.

HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin coated with sugar, capturing your average blood glucose over ~3 months. It reveals how consistently your body is managing blood sugar over time—not just at a single moment. Elevated levels signal sustained excess glucose and increased risk for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)

Marker of average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months

about this panel

Measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months. This blood test helps determine whether you’re at risk for prediabetes or diabetes. If you have diabetes, HbA1c testing can help you and your healthcare provider know how well you’re managing your blood sugar levels over time. An elevated HbA1c level means that your blood sugar levels have been high over the past 3 months. The HbA1c Test reports the percentage of hemoglobin in your blood that is coated with sugar. A higher percentage of HbA1c indicates higher blood sugar levels.

biomarkers tested

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HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin coated with sugar, capturing your average blood glucose over ~3 months. It reveals how consistently your body is managing blood sugar over time—not just at a single moment. Elevated levels signal sustained excess glucose and increased risk for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Fasting Glucose

Marker of baseline blood sugar levels after an overnight fast

about this panel

This test measures glucose (blood sugar) levels after an overnight fast to evaluate how well your body regulates blood sugar. Elevated levels may indicate insulin resistance and increased risk for prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Monitoring helps identify early metabolic dysfunction and guide nutrition and lifestyle changes.

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Glucose is the body’s main source of energy in the bloodstream. Its levels are controlled by insulin to maintain balance. Elevated fasting glucose may reflect impaired insulin sensitivity and increased risk of metabolic disease.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Homocysteine Test

Marker of homocysteine levels in the blood

about this panel

This homocysteine blood test helps determine your risk for cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine is an amino acid involved in protein metabolism. When the body cannot break it down efficiently, it can accumulate in the blood, potentially increasing the risk of blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and vascular diseases.

High levels of homocysteine can be caused by low levels of vitamins B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate/folic acid), and B12 (cobalamin), or other medical conditions. People with abnormal levels of homocysteine may only have symptoms related to a vitamin B deficiency and not know to measure homocysteine.

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Homocysteine is an amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionine. Its breakdown depends on adequate levels of vitamins B6, B9 (folate), and B12. When this process is impaired, homocysteine can accumulate in the blood.

Elevated levels may reflect nutrient deficiencies, genetic factors, or lifestyle influences such as smoking and alcohol use, and can contribute to vascular stress and impaired blood vessel function.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]

Marker of genetically determined cholesterol particle

about this panel

Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a genetically determined, LDL-like particle that carries cholesterol in the blood. Elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack, stroke, and aortic valve disease. 

Unlike standard cholesterol markers, Lp(a) levels are largely inherited and remain relatively stable over time, with minimal influence from diet or lifestyle. Because of this, Lp(a) is typically measured once and is not included in a routine lipid panel. Elevated Lp(a) levels are more common in certain populations, including African Americans and South Asians, and may increase in women after menopause due to declining estrogen levels.

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Lp(a) is a low-density lipoprotein that transports cholesterol throughout the body. Too much of it can cause cholesterol to build up in your blood vessels, forming plaques and reducing blood flow to your brain, heart, and other body parts.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy) Test

Marker of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels

about this panel

This vitamin D test measures the amount of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in your blood. Your body absorbs vitamin D when exposed to sunlight or consuming fortified foods – storing it in fat cells until needed for use. Your liver and kidneys convert this inactive vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the active form the body needs. Vitamin D deficiency can indicate bone disease, nutrition disorders, or other metabolic complications.

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25-hydroxyvitamin D is the primary form of vitamin D circulating in the blood and is used to assess overall vitamin D status. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and muscle performance. Low levels may be associated with weakened bones, impaired immune response, and increased risk of chronic conditions.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Lipid Profile

Measures key cholesterol & lipid (fat) markers in the blood

about this panel

This lipid profile blood test measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels to assess your risk for cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is a waxy, fatty substance that plays an essential role in building cell membranes, producing certain hormones, and supporting vitamin D synthesis. It comes from both animal-based foods (such as meat, eggs, and dairy) and is also produced by the liver. Triglycerides are another type of fat the body uses for energy, primarily derived from excess calories—especially from carbohydrates and fats—stored for later use.

When cholesterol levels (especially LDL) or triglycerides become too high, they can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart, brain, and other organs. Over time, this may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions.

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  • Cholesterol & Triglycerides

Blood fats reflecting excess calorie intake and heart disease risk

This measures the total amount of cholesterol found in your blood. This is the combination of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or “bad”) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or “good”) cholesterol. Too much cholesterol in your blood may damage arteries and blood vessels, which may increase the risk for a stroke, heart attack, and heart disease.

Triglycerides are fats that are formed from foods such as oils, dairy, and red meat. These fats get converted into triglycerides and are stored away in fat cells to be used when needed. High levels of triglycerides can lead to hardening and thickening of the arteries.

HDL, which is often called “good” cholesterol, picks up extra cholesterol that is circulating in the blood, using apolipoprotein A, and takes it back to your liver so it can be removed from your body.

LDL, often called “bad” cholesterol, transports cholesterol throughout your body to the cells that need it. Too much LDL can make cholesterol build up in your arteries, making them narrow and stiff, or blocking them, which makes it more difficult for blood to flow.
 
Cholesterol/HDL ratio is the ratio of HDL to your total cholesterol. A higher ratio means that you don’t have enough HDL for the amount of LDL, and that can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Non-HDL cholesterol measures the combined amount of cholesterol in the blood that is not HDL cholesterol. High levels of non-HDL cholesterol may increase the risk of atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries).
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

Marker of low-grade chronic systemic inflammation

about this panel

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver that increases in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue injury. While standard CRP tests detect significant inflammation, the hs-CRP test is more sensitive and can identify low levels of chronic inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. The hs-CRP test is most useful when interpreted as part of a broader cardiovascular risk assessment.

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hs-CRP is a marker of inflammation in the body. Elevated levels may indicate chronic, low-grade inflammation and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

Measures essential markers of metabolic & organ health

about this panel

The CMP test helps assess overall health, detect early signs of disease, and monitor chronic conditions. It measures biomarkers that reflect your body’s chemical balance and how well key organs like the liver and kidneys are functioning.

Abnormal CMP test results may indicate various health conditions, such as developing or active liver or kidney disease, hypertension, or diabetes.

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  • Electrolytes & Metabolism

Hydration, electrolyte balance, and energy metabolism

Blood glucose is the primary sugar found in your bloodstream. The sugar mainly comes from the food you eat and supplies energy to all cells in the body. High glucose levels may increase the risk of diabetes and associated disorders, such as heart disease.

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. It is primarily obtained through the diet, and elevated levels are commonly associated with increased cardiovascular strain.

Potassium is an electrolyte found in all body tissues that plays a key role in muscle contractions, heart rhythm, and nerve signaling. It also helps regulate fluid balance at the cellular level, and abnormal levels may affect cardiovascular function.

Chloride is an electrolyte that helps to balance fluids inside and outside of your body’s cells. Chloride plays an essential role in metabolism and is also instrumental in maintaining proper blood volume and blood pressure.
 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas that your body produces when it breaks down food for energy. As you inhale oxygen, the blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for removal through exhalation. Most carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Although carbon dioxide plays various roles in the body, bicarbonate is critical for maintaining a balanced pH in the blood that is neither too acidic nor too basic (alkaline).
Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body and plays a key role in multiple bodily functions. Most of the calcium in your body is stored in your bones, with only 1% circulating in your bloodstream. Calcium is required for strong bones and teeth and proper nerve, muscle, and heart function. Abnormally high or low calcium levels in the blood may be a sign of bone disease, kidney disorders, thyroid disease, or other conditions.
 
  • Liver Function

Detoxification, enzyme activity, and nutrient metabolism

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and, to a lesser degree, the muscles, heart, kidneys, and pancreas. ALT helps the liver break down proteins, increasing your body’s ability to absorb them. High ALT levels may be a sign of liver damage or a liver condition.
 
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, but also in other tissues, including the muscles, brain, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and red blood cells. AST, which plays a key role in breaking down proteins for energy production, is released into the blood when such tissues are damaged. High AST levels may be a sign of damage to the liver or other tissues. The CMP will also include a ratio of concentrations of AST and ALT (AST/ALT ratio), which may be used by healthcare providers to differentiate between possible causes of liver disease or damage.
 
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found throughout the body, primarily in the liver and bones, that plays a key role in breaking down proteins. ALP blood tests determine the ALP levels from the liver and bones, where high levels may be a sign of liver disease or specific bone disorder.
 
Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. It is a yellowish substance found in bile, a fluid produced and released by the liver. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body. High levels of bilirubin may be a sign of the liver not functioning correctly.
 
  • Kidney Function

Waste filtration, fluid balance, and overall internal stability

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea, a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia, which the liver then converts into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. Abnormally high blood levels of BUN may be a sign of kidney (renal) damage or disease.

The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine by the muscles as a waste product. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An abnormally high creatinine level may suggest damage to the kidneys or renal blood vessels.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a form of nitrogen found in urea. Urea is a waste product created during protein metabolism. As proteins are broken down into amino acids, these amino acids are then broken down and converted into ammonia. The liver then converts ammonia into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is then transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. The liver produces creatine, which the muscles use as an energy source. During normal muscular use, some creatine will be broken down into creatinine as a waste product by the muscles. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered and eliminated from the body through urine. An elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio may suggest a condition that causes decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as dehydration or congestive heart failure.
 
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measures how much blood the tiny renal filters (glomeruli) remove every minute based on your body size. The eGFR indicates how efficiently the kidneys remove toxins and excess fluid from the blood.
 
  • Proteins & Nutritional Status

Protein levels that reflect nutrition, recovery, and overall health

The total protein test measures the total amount of 2 types of proteins found in your blood, albumin and globulin. Abnormal total protein levels may be a sign of nutritional abnormalities, liver disease, or kidney dysfunction.
 
Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that helps keep fluid within the bloodstream rather than leaking into other tissues. The primary function of albumin is to transport hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout the body.
 
Globulin is not measured directly. It is calculated as the difference between the total protein and the albumin levels. The globulins are a group of about 60 different proteins that are part of the immune system, which helps to fight and prevent infections. The globulins also play an important role in blood clotting and serve as carrier proteins for hormones.
 
An alternative way to tell if the albumin or globulin levels in the blood are abnormal is to compare the level of albumin to the level of globulin. If both the albumin and globulin results fall within the specified reference ranges, then a high or low A/G ratio result is not generally considered significant. A high globulin level and low albumin/globulin ratio may suggest high production of globulin that may be due to chronic infections, autoimmune disease, multiple myeloma, and other medical conditions.
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measures key cellular components of the blood—including red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets

about this panel

This CBC test with differential measures and evaluates the components of your blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. Abnormal levels can help identify conditions such as anemia, malnutrition, leukemia, and others. White blood cells are an important part of your immune system, and abnormal levels may mean your body is fighting an infection. Platelets help your blood clot normally.

The CBC helps identify bleeding disorders or infections and abnormal levels of specific blood components. 

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  • Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Oxygen delivery, energy, and overall vitality

The presence of red blood cells may indicate the presence of a health condition, such as kidney or liver disease, a urinary tract infection, or another urinary disorder.

Hemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells and is responsible for the bright red color of our blood. Hemoglobin attaches to oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, delivering oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and carrying away excess carbon dioxide.
 
Hematocrit is the portion of your total blood volume taken up by red blood cells. This is different from the red blood cell count. Hematocrit is expressed as a percentage based on the number and size of red blood cells. This value can indicate whether your blood contains an abnormally low, or high, proportion of red blood cells in relation to white blood cells and platelets.
 
The mean corpuscular volume is a measurement used to describe the average size of red blood cells.
 
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value represents the average amount of hemoglobin contained in each red blood cell.
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration measures the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell relative to the size of the cell.
 
The red cell distribution width indicates the range of size variation and similarity of your red blood cells.
 
  • White Blood Cells (WBC)

Your body’s overall immune defense level

These are the infection-fighting cells: the presence of white blood cells in the urine indicates a bacterial infection in the urinary tract or kidneys.
 
  • White Blood Cell Differential

Breakdown of immune cell types (what your body is responding to)

*Each is measured as both a percentage (distribution) and absolute count (total amount)

Neutrophils, a type of granulocyte, are the most prevalent form of white blood cells, accounting for more than half of the quantity in your body. These cells travel to the site of an infection, where they consume the pathogen and release enzymes to eliminate it. Additionally, neutrophils enhance the response of other immune cells.
 
There are 2 types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies in response to bacteria, viruses, and toxins. T cells destroy the body’s own cells that have been infected with viruses or have developed cancer. Both types of cells protect against future invasions of bacteria, viruses, and parasites by generating antibodies.
 
Monocytes are the largest cells in the blood. They travel through the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body, becoming either a macrophage or dendritic cell. Macrophages ingest harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and trigger an immune response. Dendritic cells are responsible for capturing, transporting, and presenting antigens derived from pathogens to immune cells that can fight them.
 
Eosinophils, a type of granulocyte, are found in the bloodstream and the lining of various organs. These disease-fighting white blood cells contain proteins to help the body fight bacterial and parasitic infections. However, if eosinophil levels rise too high, they can contribute to allergic reactions and other inflammatory responses in the body.
 
Basophils, a type of granulocyte, are present in both the blood and tissues, and like other white blood cells, they help protect the body against harmful substances. Importantly, basophils play a role in releasing antibodies that can fight bacteria and parasites like fungi, tick-borne diseases, and worms. These WBCs also contain heparin, which prevents blood from excessive clotting, and histamine, which increases blood flow to tissues. Like eosinophils, if their numbers climb too high, they can contribute to allergies and other inflammatory reactions in the body.
 
  • Platelets

Clotting, recovery, and tissue repair

A platelet count measures the number of platelets per microliter in your blood sample. Platelets, alternatively referred to as thrombocytes, are small blood cells that assist in stopping bleeding by swelling and clumping together to create a clot. Additionally, platelets store and transport a variety of substances such as serotonin, epinephrine, and histamine.
 
The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in your blood. MPV is associated with exercise performance, but it also plays a role in blood clotting and inflammation.
 

Source: Quest Diagnostics

Additional biomarkers may be reported when further analysis is needed.